Challenges in early diagnosis and gender biases in male breast cancer

Abstract

Introduction: Male breast cancer is a rare but clinically relevant entity, with late diagnoses and a high frequency of advanced disease at the time of detection.

Objective: To describe the barriers to the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in male patients and propose strategies to improve its management and reduce disparities.

Method: A literature review was conducted in the SciELO, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases, using the terms "male breast cancer," "early diagnosis," and "gender bias." From the identified elements, 32 references were selected.

Development: Male breast cancer presents significant differences from female breast cancer, such as older age at diagnosis, a predominance of hormone-dependent tumors, and a high association with BRCA2 mutations. Diagnostic delays are attributed to lack of screening, low clinical suspicion, and social stigma. Although therapies such as tamoxifen are standard, their efficacy in men is limited by adverse effects and a lack of specific trials. Surgery and radiotherapy are common, but their use varies depending on access and resources. The need for molecular studies and targeted therapies, such as PARP inhibitors and antiandrogens, is highlighted.

Conclusions: Breast cancer in male patients is an underdiagnosed and underresearched disease, with a distinct clinical and molecular profile than that of women. The lack of specific protocols, gender bias, and underrepresentation in research limit its optimal management.