Challenges in genetic counseling, bioethics, and equity in breast cancer research in male patients

Authors

  • José Grabiel Correa Rodríguez Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Granma. Facultad Celia Sánchez Manduley
  • Manuel de Jesús Mesa Quesada

Abstract

Introduction: Breast cancer in men accounts for approximately 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses worldwide. Late diagnosis—due to low awareness, the absence of screening programs, and the social stigma surrounding a disease perceived as female—hinders prognosis and contributes to a higher mortality rate among male patients.

Objective: To examine the challenges in genetic counseling, the bioethical implications, and issues of equity in the care of male breast cancer patients.

Method: A literature review was conducted between June and September 2025 using databases such as SciELO and PubMed. Twenty-six references in Spanish, English, and Portuguese were selected. Inclusion criteria focused on studies addressing genetic counseling, bioethics, and disparities in research.

Development: Genetic counseling presents a paradox: while universally recommended, its clinical utility in men remains under-supported by evidence. This gap is exacerbated by barriers to risk communication rooted in stigma. Men are systematically excluded from clinical trials, leading to the extrapolation of female-based guidelines. This raises serious bioethical concerns, particularly regarding the principles of autonomy and beneficence.

Conclusions: Male breast cancer care is undermined by significant disparities driven by a lack of sex-specific evidence, psychosocial barriers, and unequal access to research. Addressing these gaps requires inclusive clinical studies, tailored guidelines, and ethical frameworks that uphold the rights and needs of male patients.

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Published

2025-11-09

How to Cite

1.
Correa Rodríguez JG, Mesa Quesada M de J. Challenges in genetic counseling, bioethics, and equity in breast cancer research in male patients. EsTuSalud [Internet]. 2025 Nov. 9 [cited 2025 Dec. 31];7:e473. Available from: https://revestusalud.sld.cu/index.php/estusalud/article/view/473

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Artículo de revisión

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